The Southern Ocean was outlined by land-based limits that were from Cape Horn in South America eastwards to Cape Agulhas in Africa, then further eastwards to the Southern coast on Mainland Australia to Cape Leeuwin which is in Western Australia. This includes the continent of Antarctic to the south, and the continents of South America, Africa, Australia and Broughton Island and New Zealand, in the north. There are several islands that bound the Southern Ocean. This cycle is due to the wind stress that and ocean currents that vary, playing an interactive role in the exchange of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere. It is believed that most prominent attribute of the Southern Ocean is the strong seasonal cycle of the ice and its surface temperature, especially on the waters that surrounding the Antarctic continent. The area of the ocean that ranges the latitude 40 south traveling to the Antarctic circle is said to have the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth. Storms happen when the temperature contrast between the ice and the open ocean. During a cyclonic storm, the waters travel to the east around the continent. In the Southern Ocean, the waters always flow eastward. READ: What is a Tornado and What Causes a Tornado? Because of its connection with the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian ocean, the Southern Ocean is considered to be the gateway where the bottom, intermediate, and deep waters interconnect with other sea’s surface as well as influencing the atmosphere. It is said that the Southern Ocean influences the global ocean circulation. The seawater that can be cooled at -2☌ shrinks and spreads over the ocean. During winter, sea temperature could drop down to -40☌ and freezes the ocean that ranges below 65 degrees south latitude below 55 degrees south latitude in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. The summer season of Southern Ocean runs from October to February while winter season falls from March to September. ![]() The climatic conditions of Southern Ocean depend on the seasons. It is covered by the 1-2 meters of ice-sheet spreading up to 4 kilometers with sea temperatures varying -2 ☌ to 10 ☌ and with the average temperatures of 2-4☌. The Southern Ocean is the coldest and windiest ocean on Earth.
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